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Benjamin Franklin satirically suggested firing cannons at sunrise to wake Parisians
During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, author of the proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight.
Franklin did not propose DST; like ancient Rome, 18th-century Europe did not keep precise schedules
However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.
Fuzzy head-and-shoulders photo of a 40-year-old man in a cloth cap and mustache.
Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and made him aware of the value of after-hours daylight.
A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years
Willett lobbied unsuccessfully for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.
Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I allies were the first to use DST (ger.: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime
Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit
Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918
Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals.
In a typical case where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from 02:00 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from 02:00 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours
A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift, but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 either forward to 03:00:00.0 or backward to 01:00:00.0
In this example, a location observing UTC+10 during standard time is at UTC+11 during DST; conversely, a location at UTC−10 during standard time is at UTC−9 during DST.
Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules
A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift.
Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past.
Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks