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The standard uses the Gregorian calendar, which is the most widely used calendar in the world and is already the de facto standard of international trade.
As a point of interest, ISO 8601 fixes a reference calendar date to the Gregorian calendar of 1875-05-20 as the date the Convention du Mètre (Metre Convention) was signed in Paris
However, ISO calendar dates before the Convention are still compatible with the Gregorian calendar all the way back to the official introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 1582-10-15
Earlier dates, in the proleptic Gregorian calendar, may be used by mutual agreement of the partners exchanging information
The standard states that every date must be consecutive, so usage of the Julian calendar would be contrary to the standard (because at the switchover date, the dates would not be consecutive).
ISO 8601 prescribes, as a minimum, a four-digit year to avoid the year 2000 problem.
To represent years before 0000 or after 9999, the standard also permits the expansion of the year representation An expanded year representation must have an agreed-upon number of extra year digits beyond the four-digit minimum and is always prefixed with a + or − sign with the convention that year zero is positive.
The common BC/BCE notation, for dates that are before year 0001, is not used
For instance, the year 3 BC can be denoted by −0002. (There is a difference of 1 because the BC system has no year zero.)
Calendar date representations are in the form as shown in the box to the right
indicates a four-digit year, 0000 through 9999
indicates a two-digit month of the year, 01 through 12
indicates a two-digit day of that month, 01 through 31
For example, "the 5th of April 1981" may be represented as either "1981-04-05" in the extended format or "19810405" in the basic format.
The standard also allows for calendar dates to be written with reduced precision
For example, one may write "1981-04" to mean "1981 April", and one may simply write "1981" to refer to that year or "19" to refer to that century.
Although the standard allows both the YYYY-MM-DD and YYYYMMDD formats for complete calendar date representations, if the day is omitted then only the YYYY-MM format is allowed
By disallowing dates of the form YYYYMM, the standard avoids confusion with the truncated representation YYMMDD (still often used).
Week date representations are in the format as shown in the box to the right
indicates the ISO week-numbering year which is slightly different to the calendar year (see below)