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Armstrong gave the following account of the new railroad time system in his Report to the Secretary of the Interior for 1883.
The question of uniform time standards for railways of the United States has long attracted the attention of railway managers, but Mr
Allen, editor of the Traveler's Official Guide, and secretary of the time conventions, is entitled to the credit of having perfected the admirable system which was adopted by the general time convention of railway managers, held at Chicago, October 11, 1883, and ratified by the southern railway time convention, held at New York, October 17, 1883.
As this is a subject of great interest to the entire country (), a brief synopsis of the general principles governing the proposed plan is deemed appropriate in this report.
Under the present system each railway is operated independently on the local time of some principal point or points on said road, but this plan was found to be highly objectionable, owing to the fact that some fifty standards, intersecting and interlacing each other, were in use throughout the country
By the plan which has been adopted this number will be reduced to four, the difference in time being one hour between each, viz, the 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th degrees of longitude west from Greenwich
The adoption of these standards will not cause a difference of more than thirty minutes from the local time at any point which is now used as a standard
The new arrangement goes into effect November 18, 1883, and all changes of time are to occur at the termini of roads, or at the ends of divisions
The seventy-fifth meridian being almost precisely the central meridian for the system of roads now using standards based upon the time of the Eastern cities, and the ninetieth meridian being equally central for roads now running by the time of Western cities, the time of these meridians has been adopted for the territory which includes 90 per cent
of the whole railway system of the country.
Nearly all of the larger cities have abolished local time and adopted that of the nearest standard meridian in use by the railways.
While the first person to propose a worldwide system of time zones was the Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti, in his book Miranda! published in 1858, his idea was unknown outside the pages of his book until long after his death, so it did not influence the adoption of time zones during the 19th century
He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centered on the meridian of Rome
He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. Also in
Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879
He advocated his system at several international conferences, thus is widely credited with their invention
In 1876, his first proposal was for a global 24-hour clock, conceptually located at the center of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian
In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich (180th meridian), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use
He also proposed his system at the International Meridian Conference in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview
The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it "shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable".