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A small human figurine holds a pointer to a cylinder marked by the hours
The cylinder is connected by gears to a water wheel driven by water that also floats a part that supports the figurine.
In this ancient water clock, a series of gears rotated a cylinder to display hour lengths appropriate for each day's date.
Although not punctual in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve equal hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer.
After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season
Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries
A seated older Benjamin Franklin from the waist up, with body facing to viewer's right but head turned toward the artist
Franklin's waistcoat is bulging a bit, his expression is inscrutable, and his hair hangs down to his shoulders.
Benjamin Franklin satirically suggested firing cannons at sunrise to wake Parisians
During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, author of the proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight.
Franklin did not propose DST; like ancient Rome, 18th-century Europe did not keep precise schedules
However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.
Fuzzy head-and-shoulders photo of a 40-year-old man in a cloth cap and mustache.
Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and made him aware of the value of after-hours daylight.
A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years
Willett lobbied unsuccessfully for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.
Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I allies were the first to use DST (ger.: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime
Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit
Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918